Infección urinaria por Aerococcus sanguinicola. Patógeno emergente oportunista / Urinary tract infection by aerococcus sanguinicola. An emerging opportunistic pathogen

Los pacientes ancianos con enfermedad urológica de base tienen mayor riesgo de infecciones del trato urinario por patógenos infrecuentes. Previamente se ha infraestimado la enfermedad causada por Aerococcus, pero la espectrometría de masas podría ser un método sencillo para su identificación. En este trabajo se describen 2 casos de infección urinaria por Aerococcus sanguinicola (A. sanguinicola). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo clínico-microbiológico de la presencia de A. sanguinicola produciendo infecciones urinarias. La presencia de A. sanguinicola ocurrió en pacientes ancianos con enfermedad urológica previa y con un recuento significativo en orinas obtenidas mediante sondaje vesical. La identificación fue correcta mediante espectrometría de masas. La evolución clínica fue satisfactoria mediante el uso de amoxicilina y cefuroxima. En este trabajo informamos de la capacidad patógena de A. sanguinicola. En el urocultivo, ante un recuento significativo de microorganismos alfa-hemolíticos, deberíamos descartar que se trate de A. sanguinicola antes de informar un resultado como microbiota urogenital

Elderly patients with underlying urological disease have a greater risk of urinary tract infections due to uncommon pathogens. The disease caused by Aerococcus has been underestimated, but mass spectrometry could be a simple method for identifying this pathogen. In this study, we report 2 cases of urinary tract infection by Aerococcus sanguinicola. A descriptive clinical-microbiological study was conducted on the presence of A. sanguinicola causing urinary tract infections. The presence of A. sanguinicola occurred in elderly patients with previous urological disease and a significant count in urine obtained through bladder catheterisation. Correct identification was achieved through mass spectrometry, and the clinical outcome of administering amoxicillin and cefuroxime was satisfactory. In this study, we also report the pathogenic capacity of A. sanguinicola. When there is a significant number of alpha-haemolytic microorganisms in the urine cultures, A. sanguinicola should be ruled out before reporting a result as urogenital microbiota

Urinary tract infection by aerococcus sanguinicola. An emerging opportunistic pathogen. / Infección urinaria por Aerococcus sanguinicola. Patógeno emergente oportunista.

Elderly patients with underlying urological disease have a greater risk of urinary tract infections due to uncommon pathogens. The disease caused by Aerococcus has been underestimated, but mass spectrometry could be a simple method for identifying this pathogen. In this study, we report 2 cases of urinary tract infection by Aerococcus sanguinicola. A descriptive clinical-microbiological study was conducted on the presence of A. sanguinicola causing urinary tract infections. The presence of A. sanguinicola occurred in elderly patients with previous urological disease and a significant count in urine obtained through bladder catheterisation. Correct identification was achieved through mass spectrometry, and the clinical outcome of administering amoxicillin and cefuroxime was satisfactory. In this study, we also report the pathogenic capacity of A. sanguinicola. When there is a significant number of alpha-haemolytic microorganisms in the urine cultures, A. sanguinicola should be ruled out before reporting a result as urogenital microbiota.

Role of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient as a Predictor of Tumor Progression in Patients with Chordoma.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffusion-weighted imaging may aid in distinguishing aggressive chordoma from nonaggressive chordoma. This study explores the prognostic role of the apparent diffusion coefficient in chordomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients with residual or recurrent chordoma were divided postoperatively into those with an aggressive tumor, defined as a growing tumor having a doubling time of <1 year, and those with a nonaggressive tumor on follow-up MR images. The ability of the ADC to predict an aggressive tumor phenotype was investigated by receiver operating characteristic analysis. The prognostic role of ADC was assessed using a Kaplan-Meier curve with a log-rank test. RESULTS: Seven patients died during a median follow-up of 48 months (range, 4-126 months). Five of these 7 patients were in the aggressive tumor group, and 2 were in the nonaggressive tumor group. The mean ADC was significantly lower in the aggressive tumor group than in the nonaggressive tumor group (P = .002). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that a cutoff ADC value of 1.494 × 10-3 × mm2/s could be used to diagnose aggressive tumors with an area under the curve of 0.983 (95% CI, 0.911-1.000), a sensitivity of 1.000 (95% CI, 0.541-1.000), and a specificity of 0.900 (95% CI, 0.555-0.998). Furthermore, a cutoff ADC of ≤1.494 × 10-3 × mm2/s was associated with a significantly worse prognosis (P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Lower ADC values could predict tumor progression in postoperative chordomas.

Actividad y concentraciones de antibióticos en muestras clínicas de pacientes con prostatitis crónica bacteriana / Antibiotic activity and concentrations in clinical samples from patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis

Objetivos: La prostatitis crónica bacteriana (PCB) es la enfermedad urológica más frecuente en menores de 50 años, cuya clínica de larga evolución puede estar relacionada con una inadecuada pauta terapéutica. El objetivo fue analizar la sensibilidad de los microorganismos aislados de pacientes con PCB y medir las concentraciones de antibiótico semanalmente en suero, semen y orina. Material y métodos: Para el estudio de la sensibilidad antibiótica, entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2014 se incluyeron 60 aislados clínicos procedentes de muestras de semen de pacientes confirmados microbiológicamente con PCB, y se llevó a cabo por microdilución en caldo. Para el estudio de las concentraciones de antibióticos, entre los meses de enero y mayo de 2014 se recogieron muestras de orina, sangre y semen, semanalmente, durante 4 semanas de tratamiento de 8 pacientes con cultivo positivo para PCB, y se midieron las concentraciones mediante cromatografía de líquidos de ultra alta eficacia acoplada a espectrometría de masas en tándem (UHPLC-MS/MS). Resultados: Fosfomicina y nitrofurantoína fueron los antibióticos con mayor actividad (95,2% en ambos casos). Las concentraciones medias de antibiótico en semen durante las 4 semanas estudiadas fueron las siguientes: 1,68 mg/l; 8,30 mg/l; 2,61 mg/l; 0,33 mg/l y 2,90 mg/l, respectivamente para los pacientes 1 a 5, que recibieron levofloxacino; 1,625 mg/l para el paciente 6, que recibió ciprofloxacino 2,67 mg/l para el paciente 7, que fue tratado con ampicilina, y 1,05 mg/l para el paciente 8, que recibió doxiciclina. Se obtuvieron mayores concentraciones en las muestras de orina que en suero y semen, siendo coparables estas 2 últimas. Conclusiones: Fosfomicina se postula como principal alternativa al tratamiento empírico de la PCB por su elevada actividad in vitro. La concentración de antibiótico en semen fue superior a la concentración mínima inhibitoria frente al agente etiológico, aunque no siempre se correlacionó la negativización microbiológica con la evolución clínica favorable

Objectives: Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) is the most common urological disease in patients younger than 50 years, whose long-standing symptoms could be related to an inappropriate therapeutic regimen. The objective was to analyse the sensitivity of microorganisms isolated from patients with CBP and measure the weekly antibiotic concentrations in serum, semen and urine. Material and methods: For the antibiotic sensitivity study, 60 clinical isolates were included between January 2013 and December 2014 from semen samples from patients with microbiologically confirmed CBP. Broth microdilution was performed on the samples. For the antibiotic concentration study from January to May 2014, urine, blood and semen samples were collected weekly, over 4 weeks of treatment from 8 patients with positive cultures for CBP. The concentrations were measured using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Results: The antibiotics fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin had the highest activity (95.2% in both cases). The mean antibiotic concentrations in semen during the 4 weeks studied were as follows: 1.68 mg/L, 8.30 mg/L, 2.61 mg/L, 0.33 mg/L and 2.90 mg/L, respectively, for patients 1 to 5, who were treated with levofloxacin; 1.625 mg/L for patient 6, who was treated with ciprofloxacin; 2.67 mg/L for patient 7, who was treated with ampicillin; and 1.05 mg/L for patient 8, who was treated with doxycycline. Higher concentrations were obtained in the urine samples than in serum and semen, the latter 2 of which were comparable. Conclusions: Fosfomycin is proposed as the primary alternative to the empiric treatment of CBP due to its high in vitro activity. The antibiotic concentration in semen was higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration against the aetiological agent, although microbiological negativisation was not always correlated with a favourable clinical outcome

Streptococcus agalactiae: prevention and vaccine development.

Streptococcus agalactiae, group B Streptococcus (SGB), is the most important cause of morbi-mortality among newborn population, and an important pathogen among immunossupressed adult patients. Despite the advances in the treatment and prevention of neonatal infections as a consequence of implementation of national and international recommendations for prevention of infection, there are still some improvements for the final control of the disease. In this sense, the vaccination against SGB could be an effective measure for the prevention of disease in those cases where intrapartum prophylaxis is not useful and in adult patients with risk factors for invasive infection due to SGB. This review summarizes the efforts made until now in order to establish the control of the infection, and brings some information on the current state-of-the art of vaccines against SGB, in which different strategies in their design have been used.

Antibiotic activity and concentrations in clinical samples from patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis. / Actividad y concentraciones de antibióticos en muestras clínicas de pacientes con prostatitis crónica bacteriana.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) is the most common urological disease in patients younger than 50 years, whose long-standing symptoms could be related to an inappropriate therapeutic regimen. The objective was to analyse the sensitivity of microorganisms isolated from patients with CBP and measure the weekly antibiotic concentrations in serum, semen and urine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For the antibiotic sensitivity study, 60 clinical isolates were included between January 2013 and December 2014 from semen samples from patients with microbiologically confirmed CBP. Broth microdilution was performed on the samples. For the antibiotic concentration study from January to May 2014, urine, blood and semen samples were collected weekly, over 4 weeks of treatment from 8 patients with positive cultures for CBP. The concentrations were measured using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS: The antibiotics fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin had the highest activity (95.2% in both cases). The mean antibiotic concentrations in semen during the 4 weeks studied were as follows: 1.68mg/L, 8.30mg/L, 2.61mg/L, 0.33mg/L and 2.90mg/L, respectively, for patients 1 to 5, who were treated with levofloxacin; 1.625mg/L for patient 6, who was treated with ciprofloxacin; 2.67mg/L for patient 7, who was treated with ampicillin; and 1.05mg/L for patient 8, who was treated with doxycycline. Higher concentrations were obtained in the urine samples than in serum and semen, the latter 2 of which were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: Fosfomycin is proposed as the primary alternative to the empiric treatment of CBP due to its high in vitro activity. The antibiotic concentration in semen was higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration against the aetiological agent, although microbiological negativisation was not always correlated with a favourable clinical outcome.

[Tuberculous prosthetic knee joint infection: a case report and literature review]. / Artritis tuberculosa sobre prótesis de rodilla: descripción de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

OBJECTIVE: Prosthetic late infection occurs in the second month after surgery in the context of haematogenous spread from another source. Prosthetic mycobacterial infection is a rare complication whose clinical management is not standardized. CASE: Patient of 77 years with no personal history except for diabetes and a prosthetic replacement of right knee with osteoarthritis three years ago. Patient goes to hospital emergency box for 6 months pain in the right knee with mechanical inflammatory signs but no fever associated. After their return within 5 days and clinical worsening is reporting growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in knee aspirate and antitubercular treatment is established for 9 months. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging studies also confirmed the diagnosis of tuberculosis spondylitis in the clinical context of the patients. After surgery, M. tuberculosis was again isolated from intraoperative samples and therefore the patient received another batch of treatment for 9 months. After a year of monitoring, the development was acceptable but few months later, the patient died for cardiovascular causes. In the literature review, 15 publications with a total of 17 clinical cases of prosthetic infection by M. tuberculosis were found from 1980 to 2014. CONCLUSIONS: Prosthetic tuberculous arthritis, although it is a rare presentation, it should be noted, especially in patients with predisposing conditions with a history of tuberculosis infection.

Evaluation of a new chemiluminescence immunoassay for laboratory diagnosis of syphilis.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate diagnostic performances of automated chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) in comparison with Treponema pallidum hemagglutination test (TPHA). The specificity of CLIA was 98.9% and 99.6% for TPHA, whereas the sensitivity was 98% and 96%, respectively. Considering the suitability for automation, CLIA may represent a suitable alternative.

Reproducibility of pulsed Doppler measurements of the maternal renal circulation in normal pregnancies and those with pregnancy-induced hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the inter- and intraobserver reproducibilities of pulsed Doppler measurements of the maternal renal circulation in normal pregnancies and those affected by pregnancy-induced hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Color and pulsed Doppler ultrasound was used to measure acceleration time and resistance index in the renal segmental and interlobar arteries. For the investigation of interobserver reproducibility, two sonographers performed measurements blindly in six normal pregnant women and 14 women with pregnancy-induced hypertension between 28 and 36 weeks' gestation. A second group of 10 patients between 30 and 35 weeks' gestation were examined by one sonographer to assess the level of intraobserver reproducibility of measurements. For each patient in this group, the flow waveform was measured three times in succession. Calculations of the intraclass correlation coefficient Ri were used to determine the level of reproducibility. RESULTS: The interobserver Ri and intraobserver Ri for acceleration time in the segmental artery were 0.95 and 0.96 and for the interlobar artery they were 0.97 and 0.98, respectively. For the resistance index, these values were 0.01 and 0.01 in the segmental artery and 0.52 and 0.29 in the interlobar artery. CONCLUSION: Both the inter- and intraobserver reproducibility of acceleration time measurements in the renal segmental and interlobar arteries were clinically acceptable but the equivalent reproducibilities of resistance index measurements were poor.

Assessment of the hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flows during pregnancy with Doppler ultrasonography.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the dual hepatic blood supply is altered in healthy pregnant women compared with that in nonpregnant women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Flow wave-forms in common hepatic artery and portal vein were obtained in 67 healthy pregnant women at 10-40 weeks gestation and 22 nonpregnant women by using Doppler ultrasonography. RESULTS: In the nonpregnant group, the mean (SD) hepatic arterial blood flow, portal venous blood flow, and total liver blood flow were 0.57 (0.31) L/min, 1.25 (0.46) L/min, and 1.82 (0.63) L/min, respectively. In the healthy pregnant group, the portal venous blood flow and total liver blood flow significantly increased after 28 weeks gestation. However, the hepatic arterial blood flow remained unchanged during pregnancy. There was no relationship between the hepatic arterial blood flow and the portal venous blood flow. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that the hepatic perfusion increased during third trimester compared to nonpregnant level. Because the hepatic arterial blood flow remained unchanged during pregnancy, major determinant of the increase in the hepatic perfusion was the portal venous return. The data suggest that the hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular territories have regulatory mechanisms that allow for independent changes during pregnancy.

Dufour gland contents of ants of the Cataglyphis bicolor group.

The species of desert-dwelling ants of the Cataglyphis bicolor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) group are difficult to distinguish by morphological features. Analysis of the secretion from the Dufour glands of workers of a number of colonies was undertaken to see if it provided a clear test of species. Linked 6c-ms showed in all samples straight and branched-chain alkanes, linear alkenes, ketones, aldehydes, acetates, and a group of C22 to C28 esters not previously identified in this genus. Contents of the Dufour glands of C. savignyi from Tunisia and Egypt were similar, and comprised straight and branched-chain alkanes, alkenes and small amounts of esters. C. bicolor from Tunisia contained compounds similar to C. savignyi but was distinguished from the latter by larger amounts of the esters. The major compound in the glands of C. viaticus was tridecane, in contrast to the pentadecane of other species. It also contained a branched alkane, 3-methyltridecane as a major component. Branched-chain esters and a wide variety of acetates were also found in this species. C. diehlii had a limited range of compounds, with branched alkanes almost completely absent and high proportions of pentadecene and dodecyl acetate. C bombycinus, a sympatric species. but recognized as not belonging to the bicolor group by its different mandibular gland substances, was notable in having butanoate esters in its Dufour glands. Despite these differences among species, both the great variability of individuals from a single colony and the among between conspecific colonies make species diagnosis from a few individuals difficult, in contrast with postpharyngeal glands, which, as recently reported, give a clearer indication of species.

[Present and future of vaccines].

It is advised to understand present status of vaccines to start of review history of vaccine development. Any vaccine currently used has some problems to be improved. In addition to the efficacy or safety, cost of vaccine provide a problem. Drugs and Cosmetics Act describes regulations to ensure quality of vaccines. The Minimum Requirement of Biological Products concerns a soft ware of vaccines and GMP regulates hard ware of vaccine production. Some vaccines such as malaria, AIDS, hepatitis C vaccines are on the way of development in the world. New technology such as DNA vaccines or vaccine for application to mucous membranes are being applied. A new concept of vaccine is presented as a prophylactic tools for cancer, auto-immune diseases or allergic diseases which some key proteins are known as triggers.

Influence of mild hypothermia on delayed mitochondrial dysfunction after transient intrauterine ischemia in the immature rat brain.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different maternal thermal conditions during transient intrauterine ischemia on the mitochondrial respiratory activities in the immature rat brain. On 17 days of gestation, transient intrauterine ischemia was induced by 30 min of right uterine artery occlusion under hypothermic (33.5-34.5 degrees C, n=6), normothermic (36.5-37.5 degrees C, n=6), and hyperthermic conditions (39.5-40.5 degrees C, n=6). All of the pups were delivered by cesarean section at 21 days of gestation and cerebral neocortical tissue was sampled 1 h after delivery. The mitochondrial respiration was measured polarographically in homogenates. In the ischemic uterine horn, ADP-stimulated respiration of the normothermia and the hyperthermia groups decreased significantly to 73 and 74% of the non-ischemic controls, respectively. Since non-stimulated respiration remained unchanged, the respiratory control ratio (RCR) of the normothermia and the hyperthermia groups decreased significantly to 59 and 54% of the non-ischemic levels, respectively. In contrast, the mitochondrial respiratory activities of the hypothermia group showed no differences between the non-ischemic and the ischemic uterine horns. The results demonstrate that mild maternal hypothermia ameliorates the cerebral mitochondrial dysfunction in neonatal rats after intrauterine ischemia due to transient uterine artery occlusion and suggest that maternal thermal conditions, particularly during uteroplacental insufficiency, have important implications for the neuropathological outcome of the newborn.

Developmental changes in tolerance to transient intrauterine ischemia in rat cerebral mitochondria.

OBJECTIVE: Mitochondfial respiratory activities were measured in neonatal rat brain to compare the influence of transient intrauterine ischemia in the preterm fetus with that in the term fetus and to evaluate the effect of alpha-phenyl-N -tert-butyl-nitrone treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Intrauterine ischemia was induced by a 30-minute occlusion of the right uterine artery. The control group consisted of term fetuses (20 days old) exposed to normoxia (n = 8) and ischemia (n = 8). For the investigation into maturity effect, preterm fetuses (14 days old) were exposed to normoxia (n = 8) or ischemia (n = 8), and for the alpha-phenyl-N -tert-butyl-nitrone treatment investigation, term fetuses were exposed to ischemia with alpha-phenyl-N -tert-butyl-nitrone (n = 8). All subjects underwent cesarean delivery at 21 days of gestation, and the mitochondrial respiration was measured polarographically 1 hour after delivery. RESULTS: In the control group the neonatal cortical tissue exposed to ischemia showed a significant decrease in mitochondrial activities compared with those in normoxic control animals. In the preterm group the mitochondrial activities of ischemic fetuses were maintained close to normoxic levels. The neonatal mitochondrial deterioration caused by term ischemia was prevented by alpha-phenyl-N -tert-butyl-nitrone. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that preterm fetuses are more capable than term fetuses of maintaining mitochondrial function under conditions of transient intrauterine ischemia and suggest that oxygen derived free radicals may play a crucial role in the development of neonatal neurologic deficit.

Hepatitis C virus in blood and dialysate in hemodialysis.

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) positivity among hemodialysis patients remains high compared with that of the healthy population, and thus the issue of safety and environmental protection must be addressed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dynamics of prehemodialysis and posthemodialysis blood HCV levels and HCV escape to spent dialysate. Because heparin has an inhibitory effect on the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, a serine protease inhibitor (nafamostat mesilate) was used as the anticoagulant for hemodialysis. High-flux polysulfone membrane dialyzers were used; dialyzer reuse was not performed. Multicyclic RT-PCR was performed for the quantitative detection of HCV. To elucidate HCV escape to spent dialysate, a portion of total spent dialysate was continuously extracted in a sterile fashion using a minutely adjusted syringe pump. No HCV extravasation to spent dialysate was found, although HCV copy numbers were reduced to a statistically significant level in postdialysis blood compared with predialysis levels (P: < 0.05; n = 20). The need to establish standards for risk management in dialysis centers is evident. The data obtained in this study strongly suggest that to minimize the risk for HCV transmission, lower transmembrane pressure (TMP) should be used in the hemodialysis of HCV-positive patients, with fresh polysulfone dialyzers and dialysis settings of 180 to 250 mL/min for blood flow, 500 mL/min for dialysate flow, and less than 18.72 mm Hg for TMP.

Changes in maternal lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant enzymatic activities before and after delivery.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to characterize the changes in maternal lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant enzymatic activities before and after delivery. METHODS: Predelivery and 1, 24, and 48 hours post-partum plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde, erythrocyte enzyme superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were measured in uncomplicated pregnancies. RESULTS: Malondialdehyde levels increased slightly from predelivery to 24 hours post-partum and then decreased significantly at 48 hours post-partum. At one hour post-partum superoxide dismutase and catalase levels increased significantly to about 125% and 170% of predelivery levels, respectively. Thereafter, these values decreased significantly from one hour to 48 hours post-partum. The relative changes in superoxide dismutase and catalase levels at one hour post-partum compared to predelivery values correlated significantly with the duration of labor. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the uncontrolled lipid peroxidation caused by reactive oxygen species, which are produced in consequence of tissue reoxygenation, may occur during labor and that prolonged labor, may cause maternal oxidative stress.

Developmental changes in mitochondrial activity and energy metabolism in fetal and neonatal rat brain.

Experiments were undertaken to investigate mitochondrial activity and energy metabolism in the developing rat brain from the late fetal stage to the neonatal stage. Samples of cerebral cortical tissue were obtained from fetuses at 14, 16, 18, and 20 days of gestation, and from pups at 1 h, 1 day and 7 days after birth. Mitochondrial respiration was measured polarographically using homogenates. Fetal and neonatal brains were frozen in situ and fluorometric enzymatic techniques were used for the analysis of ATP, ADP, AMP, and lactate. In the fetal brain, there was a gradual increase in stimulated (+ADP) and uncoupled respiratory rates using glutamate and malate as substrates, from 14 days to 20 days of gestation, together with a moderate increase in ATP concentration and in the sum total of adenine nucleotides, and a significant decrease in lactate. Since non-stimulated (-ADP) respiratory rates did not change with increasing gestational age, the respiratory control ratio appeared to increase over the same period. An increase in mitochondrial activity was more pronounced immediately after birth, together with a marked increase in ATP concentration and in the sum total of adenine nucleotides. The highest rate of mitochondrial respiration was observed in 1-hour-old pups. These results indicate that, in the rat brain, there is maturation of oxidative metabolism in mitochondria that is initiated in late gestation. Acceleration in mitochondrial respiration occurs immediately after birth in order to maintain high-energy phosphate levels, and this may be crucial for the successful outcome of the newborn.